When specifying, designing, or building with ballistic-resistant products and/or assemblies, it is important to use safe, high-quality products that have not only been tested to accepted industry standards, but also certified.
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A flow-down provision states the terms of the contract at a higher tier are also binding on the lower-tier contractor. For instance, the subcontract between the general contractor and the electrical installer usually contains a flow-down provision stating the terms and conditions.
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Over the 60 years I have been writing specifications, I have not read a single satisfactory suggestion as to how to deal with the thorny subject of “or equal” when it applies to below-grade waterproofing.
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Modern curtain wall systems require structural supports as strong as they are versatile to keep pace with today’s increasingly large free spans, challenging angles, and sophisticated glass-clad aesthetics. While steel curtain wall frames have long met strength criteria, they have only recently provided the necessary design flexibility.
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When it comes to a leak-free building, the sealants are the backbone of the whole cladding system. Even the best exterior aluminum, masonry, glass, steel, or exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) are only as good as the sealants used to weatherproof the joints, penetrations, and transitions.
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Zinc is naturally found in elements such as air, water, and soil as well as in plants, animals, and humans. It is the 27th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and is infinitely recyclable without the loss of its properties, making it a true renewable resource.
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There are two major sources of moisture in fresh concrete—excess mixing water left over after hydration of cement, along with natural groundwater beneath the concrete that moves to the surface by capillary action.
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Modern architectural designs favor open spaces and natural light throughout large buildings. Now, even enclosed interior areas like offices, corridors, and stairwells are using interior glass to open up otherwise windowless spaces. This requires fire-protective glazing that offers not only life safety, but also visual and color clarity.
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A well-insulated building envelope is the starting point in any energy conservation strategy. The embodied global warming potential (GWP) of the insulating material, as part of a complete wall assembly, must be weighed against the use-phase energy efficiency contribution to see the complete environmental picture.
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In 2006, the Strategic Development Council of the ACI Foundation (established by the American Concrete Institute) recognized the need to set minimum requirements for strength, serviceability, and durability for existing structures.
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